Assessing consequences of untreated dental caries using pufa/PUFA index among 6–12 years old schoolchildren in a rural population of Kerala

Context: Dental caries is the most common dental disease of childhood. India with a population of more than 135 crores accounts for a high proportion of dental morbidity. Poor oral health has a significant impact on quality of life, especially in rural areas. The consequences of untreated dental caries include pain, abscess, and space infections which may lead to loss of function and school hours. These consequences are of utmost important while planning a community dental care program. Aims: To assess the prevalence of dental caries, caries experience, and severity of dental caries among 6–12 years old schoolchildren in the rural areas of Kollam District, Kerala State. Settings and Design: A community school-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study in the rural areas of Kollam District. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried among 2194 schoolchildren in the rural areas of Kollam District in the age group of 6–12 years. Children from eight randomly selected schools were examined for pufa/PUFA and dmf/DMF indices. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 17.0, Mann-Whitney, t-test, KruskalWallis test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results and Conclusions: Overall caries prevalence among the total population was found to be 74%. The prevalence of caries in the deciduous dentition was 61% and a mean decayed, missing, filled teeth value of 2.74 ± 3.200 and for the permanent dentition the caries prevalence of 26.8% and a mean Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth of 0.66 ± 1.360 were observed. The prevalence of untreated dental caries (pufa/PUFA) was 40.8%. The pufa prevalence in deciduous dentition was 38.3% with a mean pufa of 0.99 ± 1.679. Moreover, the PUFA prevalence in permanent dentition was 4.1% with a mean PUFA of 0.06 ± 0.349. The highest prevalence of untreated dental caries (pufa/PUFA) was found in the 7 years' age group (52%) and the lowest in 12 years' age group (22.4%).

Omega3-polyunsaturated fatty acid ameliorates metabolic disorders in adulthood rats caused by postnatal early overfeeding / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective@#To explore the effect and mechanism of omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acid(ω3-PUFA) dietary intervention on mitochondrial function of white adipose tissue in adult rats with postnatal early overfeeding.@*Methods@#An overfed animal model by adjusting litter size was developed for the study of neonatal overfeeding. The litter size was adjusted to 3 male rats per litter(small litter, SL group) and 10 pups per litter(normal litter, NL group). After weaning(week 3), the pups were fed standard chow or ω3-PUFA diet(SL-FO) until postnatal weeks 13. Food intake, body weight, and rectal temperature of rats were measured regularly, and energy metabolism of animals was monitored in week 13. During week 3 and 13, subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected. Inguinal preadipocytes of mice were isolated and induced to differentiate, and 50 μmol/L eicosapentaenoicacid(EPA) was administered for 48 h at the late stage of differentiation. The mRNA and protein expression levels of mitochondrial related genes, mitochondrial copy number, and oxygen consumption rate of adipocytes were detected in adipose tissue and adipocytes.@*Results@#By the 3rd week, the body weight, food intake, and fat cell area in SL group were higher than those in NL group while the body temperature was lower until to 13 weeks. By the 13th week, the O2 consumption, CO2 output, and heat production of rats in SL group were lower than those in NL group. Meanwhile, the expressions of mitochondrial function related genes such as uncoupling protein 1(UCP1), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1(CPT1), SIRT1, and mitochondrial biosynthesis regulatory gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coativator-1 (PGC1α) in adipose tissue by the 3rd and 13th week were significantly reduced(P<0.05). After weaning, ω3-PUFA diet significantly reduced weight gain in SL rats, increased UCP1 protein expression, restored energy metabolism level and mitochondrial function related gene expression. In vitro intervention of EPA increased the mitochondrial copy number, the mRNA and protein expression levels of mitochondrial biosynthesis and functional genes, as well as the mitochondrial basic oxygen consumption rate(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#ω3-PUFA improves postnatal overfeeding-induced impairment of the mitochondrial function and biosynthesis of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in rats, which may be an important mechanism for fish oil diet to inhibit the early over-nutrition program and restore the thermogenic metabolism.

Shark liver oil consumption decreases contractility in EDL muscle of trained rats / O consumo de óleo de fígado de tubarão reduz a contratilidade do músculo EDL em ratos treinados / El consumo de aceite de hígado de tiburón reduce la contractilidad del músculo EDL en ratones entrenados

Abstract Introduction: Professional and recreational athletes make daily use of nutritional supplements to improve physical performance. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been used in this sense. N-3 PUFA, particularly eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids are involved in important physiological functions and the benefits of supplementation are demonstrated in several types of users. Shark liver oil (SLO) is a natural source of n-3 PUFA. Objective: To evaluate the effect of supplementation with SLO on contractility of skeletal muscles with different metabolic characteristics, soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) from rats submitted to eight weeks of interval training of progressive intensity on a motorized treadmill. In the supplemented group, animals were supplemented with SLO (1 g/kg) five times a week for eight weeks. Method: Contractile parameters as maximum isometric twitch force (Tmax), maximum speed of force development (+dF/dt), maximum speed of force decrease (-dF/dt), maximum tetanic force (Fmax) and resistance to fatigue were analyzed in isolated muscle. Results: Compared to the control group, EDL muscles from the supplemented group reduced Tmax at the first (10.82 ± 0.89 vs 14.30 ± 0.67 mN/mm2. p < 0.01) and second minutes of experimentation (9.85 ± 0.63 vs 13.12 ± 0.70 mN/mm2. p < 0.01). However, it increased resistance to fatigue (22.80 ± 0.97 vs 18.60 ± 0.51 seconds. p = 0.005). Conclusion: No difference was observed in the soleus muscle.

Resumo Introdução: Atletas profissionais e recreativos utilizam suplementos nutricionais diariamente para melhorar a performance física. Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) têm sido usados nesse sentido. Os n-3 PUFA, particularmente os ácidos eicosapentaenoicos (EPA) e docosaexaenoico (DHA), são relacionados com importantes funções fisiológicas e os benefícios da suplementação são demonstrados em diversas populações. O óleo de fígado de tubarão (OFT) é fonte natural de n-3 PUFA. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da suplementação com OFT na contratilidade de músculos esqueléticos com diferentes características metabólicas, sóleo e extensor longo de dedos (EDL) de ratos submetidos a oito semanas de treinamento intervalado de intensidade progressiva em esteira motorizada. No grupo suplementado, os animais foram suplementados com OFT (1 g/kg) cinco vezes por semana por oito semanas. Método: Parâmetros contráteis como produção de força isométrica máxima (Tmax), velocidade máxima de contração (+dF/dt), velocidade máxima de relaxamento (-dF/dt), força tetânica máxima (Fmax) e resistência à fadiga foram analisados em músculos isolados. Resultados: Comparados ao grupo controle, os músculos EDL dos animais do grupo suplementado reduziram Tmax no primeiro (10.82 ± 0.89 vs 14.30 ± 0.67 mN/mm2. p < 0.01) e no segundo minutos de experimentação (9.85 ± 0.63 vs 13.12 ± 0.70 mN/mm2. p < 0.01), entretanto, aumentaram a resistência à fadiga (22.80 ± 0.97 vs 18.60 ± 0.51 segundos. p = 0.005). Conclusão: Nenhuma diferença foi observada no músculo sóleo.

Resumen Introducción: Los atletas profesionales y recreativos utilizan suplementos nutricionales diariamente para mejorar el rendimiento físico. Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) se han utilizado en este sentido. Los n-3 PUFA, particularmente los ácidos eicosapentaenoicos (EPA) y el docosaexáenoico (DHA), se relacionan con importantes funciones fisiológicas y los beneficios de la suplementación se demuestran en diversas poblaciones. El aceite de hígado de tiburón (AHT) es fuente natural de n-3 PUFA. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con AHT en la contractilidad de músculos esqueléticos con diferentes características metabólicas, sololeo y extensor largo de dedos (EDL) de ratas sometidas a ocho semanas de entrenamiento intervalado de intensidad progresiva en estera motorizada. En el grupo suplementario, los animales fueron suplementados con AHT (1 g/kg) cinco veces por semana durante ocho semanas. Método: Parámetros contráctiles como producción de fuerza isométrica máxima (Tmax), velocidad máxima de contracción (+dF/dt), velocidad máxima de relajación (-dF/dt), fuerza tetánica máxima (Fmax) y resistencia a la fatiga se analizaron en músculos aislados. Resultados: En comparación con el grupo control, los músculos EDL de los animales del grupo suplementado redujeron Tmax en el primer (10.82 ± 0.89 vs 14.30 ± 0.67 mN/mm2. p < 0.01) y en el segundo minuto de experimentación (9.85 ± 0.63 vs 13.12 ± 0.70 mN/mm2. p < 0.01), sin embargo, aumentaron la resistencia a la fatiga (22.80 ± 0.97 vs 18.60 ± 0.51 segundos. p = 0.005). Conclusión: No se observó ninguna diferencia en el músculo sóleo.

A high-carbohydrate diet induces greater inflammation than a high-fat diet in mouse skeletal muscle

We previously reported that both the high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and high-fat diet (HFD) given for two months promote lipid deposition and inflammation in the liver and brain of mice. The results obtained indicate a tissue-specific response to both diets. Herein, we compared the effects of HCD and HFD on fatty acid (FA) composition and inflammation in the gastrocnemius muscle. Male Swiss mice were fed with HCD or HFD for 1 or 2 months. Saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), n-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-3 PUFA), and n-6 PUFA were quantified. The activities of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1), Δ-6 desaturase (D6D), elongase 6, and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) were estimated. As for indicators of the inflammatory tissue state, we measured myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and gene expression of F4/80, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-10. The HCD led to a lower deposition of SFA, MUFA, n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA compared to HFD. However, the HCD increased arachidonic acid levels, SFA/n-3 PUFA ratio, DNL, SCD-1, D6D, and MPO activities, and expression of IL-6, contrasting with the general idea that increased lipid deposition is associated with more intense inflammation. The HCD was more potent to induce skeletal muscle inflammation than the HFD, regardless of the lower lipid accumulation.

Effect of Different Dietary Oil Sources on Enrichment of Omega -3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Japanese Quail Meat

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of inclusion level of different feed ingredients rich in omega-3 fatty acids tooptimizethe production of omega-3 enriched Japanese quail meat. The feeding trial was conducted in Japanese quail broiler chicks for five weeks (0 - 5 week) period. The experiment had six treatments (T1-PO 4%; T2 LO 4%: T3 LO 3% + SO 1%; T4 LO 2% + SO 2%; T5 LO 1% + SO 3%; T6 SO 4%) with various inclusion levels of different sources of omega-3 fatty acids (linseed oil / sardine oil) with six replicates in each treatment and each replicate had ten birds. Inclusion level of 3 % linseed oil and 1 % sardine fish oil was optimum for producing omega-3 fatty acids enriched Japanese quail meat. Japanese quail meat was enriched with ALA- 12.67%; EPA-2.11%; DHA-2.16% and n-3-16.95% (% of total fatty acids). Omega-3 fatty acids were enriched by 9.79 times and Omega-6 : Omega-3 ratio was narrowed by 9.8 times than that of control which is ideal for human consumption.

Acute effects of diets rich in almonds and walnuts on endothelial function

Objective Omega-3 fatty acids, especially alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which are present in nuts may reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, by changing vascular inflammation and improving endothelial dysfunction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the acute effects of two different diets, one containing walnuts and the other almonds on endothelial function. Methods Twenty-seven overweight volunteers underwent a randomized 2-period, crossover, controlled intervention study. The subjects were given either walnut or almond diets which varied in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. The walnut diet provided 23.1% energy from PUFA and the almond diet provided 7.6% energy from PUFA. Endothelial function was assessed physiologically by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and biochemically by sVCAM (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecules). Results The walnut diet significantly improved FMD (p = 0.004) and decreased sVCAM (p = 0.009) whereas the almond diet tended to improve FMD (p = 0.06) and significantly decreased sVCAM (p = 0.004). Conclusion Both walnut and almond diets improved FMD and sVCAM and there was no significant difference in physiological and biochemical markers between the two diets.

Supplementation of broiler breeders with fat sources and vitamin e: carry over effect on performance, carcass yield, and meat quality offspring / Suplementação de matrizes de frangos de corte com fontes de gordura e vitamina E: transferência dos efeitos sobre a performance, o rendimento da carcaça e a qualidade da carne da progênie

The aim of this study was to evaluate two sources of oil (soybean and fish) and four additional levels of vitamin E (0, 150, 250 and 350mg/kg diet) in breeder diets between the 42nd and 56th week of age and its effect on performance and meat quality of offspring. The supplementation of fish oil in the maternal diet increased the deposition of DHA and CLA in egg yolk. From 1 to 35 days of age, intermediate levels of vitamin E resulted in lower weight gain and feed intake. To feed conversion, the best result was obtained supplementing the maternal diet with soybean oil, regardless of vitamin inclusion. In addition, the evaluation of meat quality, the fish oil-supplemented-diet resulted in lower moisture loss of the breast fillets. For maternal diet supplemented with fish oil, the inclusion of vitamin E resulted in a linear increase of the pH value of the meat. Greater levels of vitamin E in the maternal diet influenced the functional properties of meat according to the type of oil that was added to the diet. The deposition of different fatty acids in the embryonic egg yolk can directly influence the meat quality of offspring.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar duas fontes de óleo (soja e peixe) e quatro níveis adicionais de vitamina E (0, 150, 250 e 350mg/kg dieta), em dietas de matrizes entre a 42º e a 56º semana de idade, sobre o desempenho e a qualidade de carne da progênie. A suplementação de óleo de peixe na dieta das matrizes aumentou a deposição de DHA e CLA na gema dos ovos. Entre um e 35 dias de idade, níveis intermediários de vitamina E resultaram em menor ganho de peso e consumo de ração. Para a conversão alimentar, o melhor resultado foi obtido suplementando a dieta materna com óleo de soja, independentemente da inclusão vitamínica. Dietas suplementadas com óleo de peixe resultaram em menor perda de umidade nos filés de peito. Para a dieta materna suplementada com óleo de peixe, a inclusão de vitamina E resultou em um aumento linear do valor de pH da carne. Níveis mais altos de vitamina E na dieta materna influenciaram as propriedades funcionais da carne de acordo com o tipo de óleo adicionado à dieta. A deposição de diferentes ácidos graxos na gema de ovos embrionados pode influenciar diretamente a qualidade da carne da progênie.(AU)

Efectos del consumo de aceite de pescado sobre indicadores de síndrome metabólico en ratas obesas IIMb/Beta / Effects of fish oil consumption on metabolic syndrome parameters in obese IIMb / Beta rats

Existe consenso científico acerca de la necesidad de cambiar hábitos de alimentación y aumentar la actividad física como estrategias para prevenir y paliar la epidemia de sobrepeso y obesidad. En este estudio se evaluaron los efectos de dietas isocalóricas e isolipídicas, con diferente calidad de lípidos, sobre algunos indicadores de síndrome metabólico en ratas de la línea IIMb/Beta de 70 días de edad. Este modelo murino manifiesta obesidad acompañada de hipertriacilglicerolemia y resistencia insulínica desde la pubertad y desarrolla diabetes tipo 2 en la adultez. Se suministraron durante 90 días tres dietas formuladas según AIN-93 (American Institute of Nutrition-93) ad libitum: Dieta AIN con aceite de girasol como fuente de lípidos; Dieta JB con grasa bovina (remplazando al aceite de girasol) y Dieta JBn-3 con grasa bovina más ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 provenientes de aceite de pescado. Los animales que consumieron la dieta JBn-3 manifestaron disminución (p<0,05) en algunos indicadores de sindrome metabólico como la hiperinsulinemia, la hipertriacilglicerolemia y el depósito de lípidos totales, colesterol y triacilgliceroles hepáticos. Si bien se requieren más estudios, se confirma la validez de las intervenciones dietarias para el abordaje de la obesidad y sus comorbilidades recomendadas por los organismos internacionales(AU)

There is scientific consensus about the importance of changing dietary habits and increasing physical activity for the prevention and treatment of obesity and its co-morbidities. The effects of isocaloric and isolipidic diets with different type of fat on symptoms of the metabolic syndrome in 70 days old IIMb/Beta rats were evaluated. This murine model develops obesity, hypetryacilglycerolemia and insulin resistance since puberty, progressing to type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Three diets formulated according to AIN-93 (American Institute of Nutrition-93) were offered ad libitum during 90 days: Diet AIN with sunflower oil; Diet JB with bovine fat (replacing sunflower oil) and Diet JBn-3 with bovine fat and PUFAn-3 from fish oil. The group fed JBn-3 diet showed diminution (p<0,05) on several of the clinical manifestations of the metabolic syndrome, such as: hyperinsulinemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia and hepatic total lipids, cholesterol and triacylglycerols. Although more research is required, the study supports the beneficial effects of dietary approaches on obesity and its comorbidities(AU)

Review and Meta-analysis of the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatly acid for cancer cechexia treatment / 肠外与肠内营养

Objective:To explore the clinical value of PUFA in the treatment of cancer cachexia,meta-analysis and systematic evaluation of literature was applied.Methods:According to the inclusion criteria,PubMed/MEDLINE,EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled TriMs for randomized controlled trims that compared PUFA treatments with placebo or no treatment in cancer cachexia were searched.Outcomes of interest were effects on weight,appetite,the level of CRP and IL-6,the composition of lean body mass and the quality of life.Results:Finally,16 articles were included in the analysis,which reported appetite (6 papers),C-reactive protein (9 papers),IL-6 (5 papers),lean tissue weight (7 papers) and quality of life assessment (7 papers),respectively.Conclusion:PUFAs for the treatment of cancer cachexia plays an irreplaceable role.The body weight,appetite,inflammation index and quality of life can be significantly improved,and the patients can tolerated the addition of PUFA during the treatment.

Chemical composition and fatty acid profile in meat from grazing lamb diets supplemented with ryegrass hay, fishmeal and soya bean meal as PUFA sources / Perfil de ácidos graxos na carne ovina suplementado com farinha de peixe ou farinha de soja

ABSTRACT: This study examined the characteristics of the fatty acids profile in the meat of lambs fed grazing and supplemented with different PUFA sources. Thirty Suffolk lambs were used (37.2±5.4kg BW), grazing on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) (12h d-1) and supplemented (30g kg-1 BW0.75) with ryegrass hay (RGH), or supplements formulated with fishmeal (FHM) or soybean meal (SBM). Lambs were used in a completely randomized design. Results showed an effect on total SFA, with SBM higher than RGH (P=0.033), and SBM and FHM showing higher MUFA content compared with RGH (P=0.001). Total PUFA content was higher for RGH, followed by FHM and with the lowest content for SBM (P=0.001). Concluding that there is a variation in fatty acid content depending on the lipid-protein source used in supplementation in grazing sheep, the content of PUFA was higher for grazing lambs supplemented with RGH compared with those supplemented with FHM or SBM.

RESUMO: Este estudo analisou as características dos ácidos graxos na carne de cordeiros alimentados com pastagem e suplementados com diferentes fontes de proteína. Trinta cordeiros Suffolk foram utilizados (37,2±5,4kg BW) que pastavam em azevém perene (Lolium perenne) (12h d-1) e suplementados com (30g kg-1 PV0,75) com azevém feno (RGH), ou concentrados formulado com farinha de peixe (FSM) ou farelo de soja (SBM). Os resultados mostram um efeito sobre o total SFA, sendo mais elevada do que SBM RGH (P=0,033). SBM e FSM mostrando o maior teor total de MUFA vs. RGH (P=0,001). O teor total de AGPI foi maior para RGH>EFM>SBM (P=0,001). Concluindo que há uma variação no teor de ácidos graxos dependendo da fonte de proteína utilizada na suplementação emanimais pastoreados, o teor de PUFA foi maior para ovinos mantidos em comparação com os suplementado com EFM ou SBM.

NASH Therapy: omega 3 supplementation, vitamin E, insulin sensitizers and statin drugs

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the more aggressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NASH can progress to hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, portal hypertension and primary liver cancer. Therapy is evolving with a substantial number of trials of promising new agents now in progress. In this article however, we will examine data for several older forms of therapy which have been fairly extensively studied over the years: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) supplements, vitamin E, insulin sensitizing agents with a focus on pioglitazone and statin agents. Early interest in PUFA derived from their potential benefit in cardio-metabolic disease and the close association of NAFLD/NASH with Metabolic Syndrome. Results have been variable although most studies show reduction of liver fat without other major effects and their effects are influenced by concomitant weight loss and underlying genetic factors. Vitamin E has had some efficacy in pediatric NASH but questionable efficacy in even mild NASH among adults. Pioglitazone has shown significant histological benefit in a number of trials but concern over side-effects (especially weight gain) have dampened enthusiasm. A newer insulin sensitizer, liraglutide, has also shown promise in a small randomized, controlled trial. Very limited data exists regarding the histological effects of the statins in NASH and these agents appear to be fairly neutral with neither clear cut benefit nor detriment. Their use is best guided by cardiovascular risks rather than liver histology.

Role of diets rich in omega-3 and omega-6 in the development of cancer / Papel de las dietas ricas en omega-3 y omega-6 en el desarrollo del cáncer

Abstract: Over the past decade, some studies have addressed the therapeutic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and the opposite effects of omega-6 (ω-6) PUFAs on several diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Research demonstrates the safety of these naturally occurring ingredients. Of particular interest, several studies have shown that ω-3 PUFAs possess a therapeutic role against certain types of cancer. It is also known that ω-3 PUFAs can improve the efficacy and tolerability of chemotherapy. Previous reports have indicated that suppression of nuclear factor-κB, activation of AMPK/SIRT1, modulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and up-regulation of novel anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as protectins, maresins, and resolvins, are the main mechanisms of the antineoplastic effect of ω-3 PUFAs. In contrast, several studies have demonstrated that ω-6 PUFAs induce progression in certain types of cancer. In this review, we discuss epidemiological and experimental studies addressing the relationship between the development of some types of cancer, including colon and colorectal carcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer and neuroblastoma, and the ingestion to ω-3 and ω-6 (PUFAs). We also discuss the clinical data, addressing the therapeutic role of omega-3 PUFA against different types of cancer.

Resumen: Durante las últimas décadas algunos estudios se han enfocado en los efectos terapéuticos de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) omega-3 (ω-3) y los efectos contrarios de los AGPI omega-6 (ω-6) en diversas enfermedades, incluyendo enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes, enfermedades neurodegenerativas y cáncer. Las investigaciones han mostrado la seguridad de estos lípidos naturales. En particular, varios estudios han mostrado que los AGPI ω-3 poseen un efecto terapéutico contra ciertos tipos de cáncer. También se sabe que los AGPI ω-3 pueden mejorar la eficacia y tolerancia de la quimioterapia. En publicaciones anteriores se ha indicado que la supresión del factor nuclear κB, la activación de AMPK/SIRT1, la modulación de la actividad de la ciclooxigenasa (COX) y la regulación positiva de nuevos mediadores lipídicos antiinflamatorios como las protectinas, maresinas y resolvinas, son los principales mecanismos del efecto antineoplásico de los AGPI ω-3. En contraste, otros estudios han demostrado que los AGPI ω-6 inducen la progresión de ciertos tipos de cáncer. En esta revisión se discuten algunos estudios experimentales y epidemiológicos que abordan la relación entre el desarrollo de algunos tipos de cáncer, como carcinoma de colon y colorrectal, cáncer de mama, próstata y pulmón, así como neuroblastoma, y la ingestión de AGPI ω-3 y ω-6. Así mismo, se discuten los datos clínicos sobre el papel terapéutico del AGPI ω-3 contra diferentes tipos de cáncer.

Seafood lipids and cardiovascular health

Seafood lipids encompass important healthy nutrients, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), whichmay have a significant effect on human cardiovascular health and needs to be supplied by the human diet. Particularly, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the most abundant n-3 PUFA present in seafood and have an impact on the cardiovascular health. DHA and EPA are deemed to display anti-inflammatory, cell membrane modulation, and biophysical properties, thereby offsetting the pro-inflammatory effects of n-6 PUFA, and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Consumption of large amounts of n-3 PUFA exerts a positive effect on a wide array of cardiovascular health concerns ranging from hypertension and atherosclerosis to myocardial infarction and stroke. Infact, animal studies indicate that n-3 PUFAs play a bioactive cardiovascular protective role. Therefore, it is recommended up to two servings of fatty fish per week or up to 500 mg/day of EPA and DHA (World Health Organization).

Influence of four weeks of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on fat metabolism during prolonged exercise / 体力科学

Glycogen is an important source of energy production during endurance exercise, such as marathon. Due to limited storage of glycogen in muscle and liver, augmentation of fat oxidation is known to delay depletion of muscle glycogen, leading to improvement of endurance performance. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) resulting from the form of fish has shown to enhance fat oxidation at rest. However, effect of n-3 PUFA on substrate metabolism during prolonged exercise remains unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether dietary n-3 PUFA enhances fat oxidation during exercise and endurance performance. Thirteen healthy men were divided into n-3 PUFA group [n=6, 6g/day of fish oil; 1,800mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 2,700mg docosahexiaenoic acid (DHA)] or CON group [n=7, 6g/day of olive oil]. The subjects ingested each supplement for 4-weeks. Before and after the treatment period, a 60-min pedaling exercise at 65% of maximal oxygen uptake followed by 5 km-time-trial was conducted. Resting concentrations of serum EPA and DHA, EPA/AA were significantly elevated in the n-3 PUFA group only. After supplementation period, the n-3 PUFA group increased significantly exercise-induced elevations of serum free fatty acids and glycerol concentrations, and lowered respiratory exchange ratio during a 60-min pedaling exercise. Similar changes were not observed in the CON group. However, treatment with n-3 PUFA did not affect significantly result of 5km-time-trial. Four-week supplementation of n-3 PUFA increased exercise-induced lipolysis and fat oxidation during prolonged exercise. However, the augmented fat metabolism did not affect endurance performance.

Anti-ulcer activity of arachidonic acid (PUFA) oils in different induced ulcer animal models.

Background: Ulcers of the lower part of the oesophagus, the stomach and the first part of the duodenum are also known as peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcers can affect people of any age, but they are more common as you get older. There is a focus on research for better tolerated and efficacious anti-ulcer agents. Methods: Effect of anti-ulcer activity of fish oil and Arasco oil was evaluated in different animal models of ulcers i.e. ethanol induced, water immersion and pyloric ligation techniques. The Superoxide dismutase activity in gastric tissue was also ascertained in two groups of animals. The animals received either fish oil (40 μl, PO), Arasco oil (40 μl, PO), omeprazole (20 mg/kg PO) or ranitidine (30 mg/kg PO). The gastro-protection was calculated based on ulcer index, pH and gastric juice volume. Results: The results of this study suggest that poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contained in fish oil and Arasco oil have moderate anti-ulcer activity although probably lesser in potency than the available anti-ulcer drugs like omeprazole and ranitidine. Conclusion: These results have shown that PUFA containing oils provided moderate gastrointestinal protection in all the induced ulcer models employed. Thus it can be concluded that PUFA containing oils like the Fish oil and Arasco oil have anti-ulcer properties and the mechanisms involved in these actions need to be investigated.

Fatty acid methyl ester profiles and nutritive values of 20 marine microalgae in Korea

Objective:To screen the fatty acid (FA) composition of 20 marine microalgae species, including sevenDiophyceae, sixBacillariophyceae, fourChlorophyceae, twoHaptophyceae and oneRaphidophyceae species.Methods: Microalgal cells cultured at the Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology were harvested during the late exponential growth phase and the FA composition analyzed.Results:The FA composition of microalgae was species-specific. For example, seven different species ofDinophyceae were composed primarily of C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3, while C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 were abundant FAs in six species ofBacillariophyceae. In addition, fourChlorophyceae, twoHaptophyceae and oneRaphidophyceae species all contained a high degree of C16:1n-7 [(9.28-34.91)% and (34.48-35.04)%], C14:0 [(13.34-25.96)%] and [(26.69-28.24)%], and C16:0 [(5.89-29.15)%] and [(5.70-16.81)%]. Several factors contribute to the nutritional value of microalgae, including the polyunsaturated FA content and n-3 to n-6 FA ratio, which could be used to assess the nutritional quality of microalgae.Conclusions:This study is the first comprehensive assessment of the FA composition and nutritional value of microalgae species in South Korea, and identifies the potential utility of FAs as species-specific biomarkers.

Fatty acid methyl ester profiles and nutritive values of 20 marine microalgae in Korea

OBJECTIVE@#To screen the fatty acid (FA) composition of 20 marine microalgae species, including seven Diophyceae, six Bacillariophyceae, four Chlorophyceae, two Haptophyceae and one Raphidophyceae species.@*METHODS@#Microalgal cells cultured at the Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology were harvested during the late exponential growth phase and the FA composition analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The FA composition of microalgae was species-specific. For example, seven different species of Dinophyceae were composed primarily of C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3, while C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 were abundant FAs in six species of Bacillariophyceae. In addition, four Chlorophyceae, two Haptophyceae and one Raphidophyceae species all contained a high degree of C16:1n-7 [(9.28-34.91)% and (34.48-35.04)%], C14:0 [(13.34-25.96)%] and [(26.69-28.24)%], and C16:0 [(5.89-29.15)%] and [(5.70-16.81)%]. Several factors contribute to the nutritional value of microalgae, including the polyunsaturated FA content and n-3 to n-6 FA ratio, which could be used to assess the nutritional quality of microalgae.@*CONCLUSIONS@#This study is the first comprehensive assessment of the FA composition and nutritional value of microalgae species in South Korea, and identifies the potential utility of FAs as species-specific biomarkers.

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Prevention of Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Psychiatric disorders in general, and major depression and anxiety disorders in particular, account for a large burden of disability, morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have a range of neurobiological activities in modulation of neurotransmitters, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and neuroplasticity, which could contribute to psychotropic effects. Here we reviewed recent research on the benefits of omega-3 PUFA supplements in prevention against major depression, bipolar disorders, interferon-alpha-induced depression patients with chronic hepatitis C viral infection, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The biological mechanisms underlying omega-3 PUFAs' psychotropic effects are proposed and reviewed. Nutrition is a modifiable environmental factor that might be important in prevention medicine, which have been applied for many years in the secondary prevention of heart disease with omega-3 PUFAs. This review extends the notion that nutrition in psychiatry is a modifiable environmental factor and calls for more researches on prospective clinical studies to justify the preventive application of omega-3 PUFAs in daily practice.

Fatty acid methyl ester profiles and nutritive values of 20 marine microalgae in Korea

Objective: To screen the fatty acid (FA) composition of 20 marine microalgae species, including seven Diophyceae, six Bacillariophyceae, four Chlorophyceae, two Haptophyceae and one Raphidophyceae species. Methods: Microalgal cells cultured at the Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology were harvested during the late exponential growth phase and the FA composition analyzed. Results: The FA composition of microalgae was species-specific. For example, seven different species of Dinophyceae were composed primarily of C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3, while C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 were abundant FAs in six species of Bacillariophyceae. In addition, four Chlorophyceae, two Haptophyceae and one Raphidophyceae species all contained a high degree of C16:1n-7 [(9.28-34.91)% and (34.48-35.04)%], C14:0 [(13.34-25.96)%] and [(26.69-28.24)%], and C16:0 [(5.89-29.15)%] and [(5.70-16.81)%]. Several factors contribute to the nutritional value of microalgae, including the polyunsaturated FA content and n-3 to n-6 FA ratio, which could be used to assess the nutritional quality of microalgae. Conclusions: This study is the first comprehensive assessment of the FA composition and nutritional value of microalgae species in South Korea, and identifies the potential utility of FAs as species-specific biomarkers.

Efeito dos ácidos graxos na Síndrome Metabólica: uma revisão de literatura / Effects of fatty acids on the Metabolic Syndrome: a literature review

Changes in the diet pattern have been considered a major cause of overweight rate increase and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in the world. A diet with high energy density can contribute to fat accumulation in metabolic active tissues and increase of proinflammatory adipokines, favoring the inflammatory condition of this syndrome. However, not all types of high fat diet are malefic to the body. The objective of this study was to conduct a literature review on the effect of fatty acids on the Metabolic Syndrome and on the important relationship between diet, obesity, MS and cardiovascular disease. It was possible to observe that a diet rich in saturated fat is associated with overweight, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and increased levels of cholesterol, leptin, insulin and glucose. It was also possible to observe that increased levels of saturated fatty acids and decreased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with metabolic syndrome. Supplementation with ?-3 was effective in reducing the effects of saturated fatty acids, such as the serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, decreasing blood pressure, and increasing the serum levels of HDL-c. After further studies confirm the safety of use and the ideal dose of ?-3 to prevent and treat MS, the supplementation should be associated with a diet that is balanced, low in saturated fat and rich in vitamins, as well as with a change in lifestyle.

Los cambios en los hábitos alimentícios han sido considerados como una de las causas más importantes del aumento mundial del sobrepeso y, por lo tanto, del Síndrome Metabólico (SM). Una dieta con alta densidad energética puede contribuir a la acumulación de grasa en los tejidos metabólicamente activos y al aumento de adipoquinas proinflamatorias, favoreciendo, así, el cuadro inflamatorio de este síndrome. Sin embargo, no todos los tipos de dietas hiperlipídicas son perjudiciales para el organismo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue revisar en la literatura los efectos de los ácidos grasos en el SM y la importante relación entre dieta, obesidad, síndrome metabólico y enfermedad cardiovascular. Se observó que una dieta rica en grasas saturadas se asocia con el exceso de peso, hígado graso, elevación de los niveles séricos de colesterol, leptina, insulina y glucosa, puesto que el alto consumo de grasas saturadas y la disminución de los niveles de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados se correlacionan con el Síndrome Metabólico. La ingesta de suplementos de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados ha demostrado su eficacia a la hora de mitigar los efectos de la dieta alta en grasas, además de reducir los triglicéridos, el colesterol total, LDL-c, la presión arterial y mejorar los niveles de HLD-c. Después de que estudios posteriores confirmen la seguridad del uso y la dosis ideal del Omega 3 para la prevención y el tratamiento del Síndrome Metabólico, se hace necesario que su uso sea associado con una dieta balanceada, baja en grasas saturadas, rica en vitaminas, e incentivar al cambio en el estilo de vida.

As mudanças nos padrões alimentares têm sido consideradas como uma das principais causas do aumento mundial do excesso de peso e, consequentemente, da Síndrome Metabólica (SM). Uma dieta com alta densidade energética pode contribuir para acúmulo de gordura em tecidosmetabolicamente ativos e aumento de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias, favorecendo o quadro inflamatório desta Síndrome. Porém, nem todos ostipos de dietas hiperlipídicas são maléficos para o organismo. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo revisar na literatura os efeitos dos ácidos graxos na SM e a importante relação entre dieta, obesidade, SM e doenças cardiovasculares. Observou-se que a alimentação rica em gordura saturada está relacionada com excesso de peso, esteatose hepática, elevação dos níveis séricos de colesterol, leptina, insulina e glicose, sendo que a elevação do consumo de gordura saturada ea diminuição de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados estão correlacionadas com a presença da Síndrome Metabólica. A suplementação de ácidograxo poli-insaturado mostrou-se eficaz para amenizar os efeitos da dieta hiperlipídica, além de diminuir triglicérides, colesterol total, LDL-c e pressão arterial, e melhorar os níveis de HLD-c. Após estudos posteriores confirmarem a segurança e a dose da utilização do ômega 3 para prevenção e tratamento da Síndrome Metabólica, é necessário que esta utilização seja associada a uma dieta equilibrada, pobre em gordura saturada, rica em vitaminas e com um incentivo à mudança no estilo de vida.